2.3.3 HPWS and Psychological Empowerment
Psychological empowerment can be seen as a procedure of improving feeling of selfefficacy
(Spreitzer 1995), and also a tool to encourage employees to think about the
requirements of the job, develop meaning for the tasks, and to enhance their competency
levels in the organization. It is often considered as an open-minded rules and terminology
which cannot be defined as any one specific conception, because it depends on different
periods, conditions, and contexts. As several research evidences shows, psychological
empowerment is expected to include four dimensions, namely, competence, impact,
meaning and autonomy stand for different aspects of psychological empowerment.
Competence refers to the extent to which individuals believes that they have the ability to
undertake their work role efficiently. Then, impact can be defined as whether the
employees have the influence to the organization. Meaning stands for the importance that
employees place on the work role. The last one is autonomy; it means the capacity to
self-direct one‟s work (Spreitzer, 1995).