Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Framework
An early study on cultural values was carried out by anthropologists Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck, through their field research with Navajos, Spanish Americans, and Anglo-Americans in the southwestern United States. They drew on the earlier work of Clifford Geertz, which emphasized the importance of cultural values. In Variations in Value Orientation (1961), Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck describe a value orientation as