The waste treatment alternatives considered in this study are: 1) LFGRS; 2) waste incineration; and 3)
AD. The three waste treatment alternatives are selected as these are the most common WTE alternatives
which considered by the Malaysia Government. The economic profitability includes transportation cost,
carbon credit through carbon avoidance, and additional profit from selling of by-product. Meanwhile, the
GHG calculation based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guideline [10]
includes the GHG emission during energy conversion process, transportation of MSW to the waste
treatment plant and carbon avoidance by fossil fuel replacement to renewable energy.