Contents [hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Childhood: 1918–1936
1.2 Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1936–1940
1.3 Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943
2 Revolutionary activity
2.1 Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949
2.2 Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954
2.3 Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961
2.4 MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–1962
3 Imprisonment
3.1 Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964
3.2 Robben Island: 1964–1982
3.3 Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988
3.4 Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990
4 End of apartheid
4.1 Early negotiations: 1990–1991
4.2 CODESA talks: 1991–1992
4.3 General election: 1994
5 Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999
5.1 National reconciliation
5.2 Domestic programmes
5.3 Foreign affairs
5.4 Withdrawing from politics
6 Retirement
6.1 Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004
6.2 "Retiring from retirement", illness: 2004–2013
7 Death and funeral
8 Political ideology
9 Personal life
10 Influence and legacy
10.1 Orders, decorations, and monuments
10.2 Tributes by musicians
10.3 Cinema and television
11 References
11.1 Footnotes
11.2 Citations
12 External links