Data analysis and statistics
Results are expressed as mean7standard error of the mean
(SEM; n¼number of experiments) and the median effective
concentration (EC50 values) with 95% confidence intervals. The
χ2 test was used to differentiate results in the antidiarrheal
activity assay. Po0.05 was considered significantly different
using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by
Dunnet's test and/or an unpaired t-test (two-tailed) to differ-
entiate results of laxative activity. Concentration response
curves were analyzed by non-linear regression and were
compared using Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's
post-test correction. All graphing, calculations, and statistical
analysis were performed by use of Graph PAD software (Graph
PAD, San Diego, California, USA).