The bio-oil was collected from the condensers and the electrostatic
precipitator. Since the viscous organic fraction in the electrostatic
precipitator was very difficult to fully separate, the oil yield
was calculated by difference, using the char and gas yields. The
bio-oil that was produced was in a heterogeneous state, with aqueous
and heavy organic fractions. Both the chemical and physical
analyses of the bio-oil, however, were required to be in the homogeneous
state. To acquire representative samples, two bio-oil