4.1.5. Area loss
This loss is due to metal grid design or by metal electrode coverage [26].
These optical losses can be reduced by using an antireflective coating (ARC) of quarter wavelength thick on the top surface. The light wave reflected from the ARC is 180° out of phase with the light reflected from the top surface and when these two combine the resulting interference cancels the effect. Texturing of the top surface is done in such a way that light reflects in a proper manner and the reflection losses are less.