Liu and Liu (2000) examined the impact of social and academic integration on college students’ satisfaction and retention in the theoretical context of Tinto. Results showed that academic integration, social integration and academic performance all had positive influences on student satisfaction (with social integration as the most influential factor). Academic integration, academic performance and student satisfaction all influenced student retention and persistence. Social integration was not significant, however. Liu and Liu offer two definitions of social integration to clarify this point. One definition of social integration is the “absence of estrangement and alienation” which is presumed to be “positively associated with persistence.” Yet, when defined in terms of “frequencies of social interaction” with others, the “relationship between persistence and social integration is not necessarily positive.” Neither gender, age, nor ethnicity showed any impact on either satisfaction or retention.