Acculturation has been taking place for millennia, but contemporary interest in research onacculturationgrewoutofaconcernfortheeffectsofEuropeandominationof indigenouspeoples.Later,itfocusedonhowimmigrantschangedfollowingtheirentryand settlement into receiving societies. More recently, much of the work has been involved with howethnoculturalgroupsrelatetoeachotherandchangeasaresultoftheirattemptsto live together in culturally plural societies. Nowadays, all three foci are important, as globalization results in ever-larger trading and political relations: Indigenous national populations experience neo-colonization and demonstrate resistance, while new waves of immigrants,sojourners,andrefugeesflowfromtheseeconomicandpoliticalchanges,and large ethnocultural populations become established in most countries. Of increasing concern is the acculturation that is taking place among the long-settled populations, as they strive to maintain their societies in the face of increasing cultural diversity in their midst. These two foci of interest (on the established as well as on the newer populations) represent the mutual or reciprocal nature of acculturation: everyone is involved, and everyone is doing it.