Chromates are used in the manufacture of cements, leather products, anticorrosives, and paints. The mean chromium (Cr) urine concentration of 200 mg/L detected in urine samples from paint factory workers was a massive 250 times higher than that found in nonfactory workers (6 mg/L). The primary route of exposure in nonoccupational workers is through contaminated food ingestion. Present-day workers in chromium-related industries can be exposed to chromium concentrations 2 orders of magnitude higher than the general population [46].