Figure. Schematic representation of the laboratory suite. Owners and dogs were received in the waiting room before being taken into the experimental room for the exposure phase. After a 10-minute exposure phase, the owner, dog, and experimenter returned to the waiting room to commence the association game. Then, the owner, dog, and experimenter reentered the experimental room for the experimental condition. Dotted lines indicate masking tape markings on the floor. The stars represent hidden treats, placed above the dog’s reach (approximately 2 m off the ground) and out of view.