Ash, moisture and fixed carbon contains were determined according to ASTM Standards
(D-1102-84 for ash, D-2016-74 for moisture and D-3174-89 for fixed carbon)
The ultimate analysis for carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were determined by using TruSpec
CHN, LECO Cooperation; Saint Joseph, Michigan USA.
The ultimate and proximate analyses have been listed in Table 2.
Elemental analysis results were used to calculate the heating value. In general, heating values can be reported as higher and lower heating value, HHV (gross) and LHV (net), respectively.
The difference between HHV and LHV is equal to the heat of
vaporization of water formed by combustion of the fuel