Maley (1988) pointed out that writing are detached from the wide range of expressive possibilities in speech. Writing is detached from the wide range of expressive possibilities in speech. Writing is unable to exploit all the devices available to a speaker: gesture, body moment, facial expressions, pitch and tone of voice, stress, and hesitation. A speaker can backtrack, or clarify and revise ideas as listeners question or disagree. A writer has to compensate for all of things: a high degree of organization in the development of ideas and information; a high degree of accuracy so that there is no ambiguity of meaning; the use of complex grammatical devices for focus and emphasis; and a careful choice of vocabulary, grammatical patterns.