3.2. Instruments
3.2.1. e-Learning materials
This research developed e-Learning materials (Fig.1) for the topic of ‘Evolution’ in the junior high school ‘Science and Technology’ course
in Taiwan. These e-Learning materials did not include lengthy text descriptions and the contents were mostly presented with pictures and
Adobe Flash animations.
3.2.2. Web-based formative assessment and summative assessment
The contents of the e-Learning materials, ‘Evolution’, were divided into two lessons, with oneWeb-based formative assessment for each
lesson. This research constructed the items based on the contents of each lesson. There were 15 items in each Web-based formative
assessment. All items were reviewed by two Biology and educational assessment experts. Students in the two groups all took the same
items. The only difference was the method of administering the Web-based formative assessment. In the PDA-WATA group, Web-based
Fig. 1.