Although there were a number of prevailing ideas present in the second half of the
nineteenth century, some that are perhaps surprising, played a much more significant
role in the establishment of modern management. There is no doubt that the transition
from farms to factories, religion, and the critiques of the budding social scientists
created a tension with big business and a sense that employees should be treated
better. However, the more dominating ideas seemed to be those of social Darwinism
and science. Common interpretations of Darwin’s work sanctioned a class structuring
of society and a “dog-eat-dog” approach to the conduct of business. Moreover, the
tremendous advances of science and technology were indisputable. Progress through
the scientific method of objective interaction and a focus on what is observable all set
the stage for the introduction and establishment of the Material-Instrumental (Vaill,
1998) approach to management.
Although there were a number of prevailing ideas present in the second half of thenineteenth century, some that are perhaps surprising, played a much more significantrole in the establishment of modern management. There is no doubt that the transitionfrom farms to factories, religion, and the critiques of the budding social scientistscreated a tension with big business and a sense that employees should be treatedbetter. However, the more dominating ideas seemed to be those of social Darwinismand science. Common interpretations of Darwin’s work sanctioned a class structuringof society and a “dog-eat-dog” approach to the conduct of business. Moreover, thetremendous advances of science and technology were indisputable. Progress throughthe scientific method of objective interaction and a focus on what is observable all setthe stage for the introduction and establishment of the Material-Instrumental (Vaill,1998) approach to management.
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