RESULTS
Sample profile
The sample (n 502) was 55% male,
73% white, 11% Hispanic, 11% African
American, and 5% other race/ethnicity,
with a mean age of 55 years (Table 1).
About half (51%) had attended college.
Only about one-third (38%) were presently employed, and those who were not
employed included 8% students and 8%
disabled; the remainder were mostly retired or nonworking spouses. Median annual income of the sample was about
$35,000.
Approximately one-third (32%) reported having been diagnosed by a health
care professional as having depression. A
total of 77% of the sample said they had
type 2 diabetes, and the rest said they had
type 1 diabetes; patients reported having
diabetes for an average of almost 15 years.
A total of 61% of the patient sample
identified a primary care physician as
their primary diabetes health care provider, whereas 28% named an endocrinologist and 11% named another
(nonphysician) health care provider. Of
the sample, 39% reported engaging in
physical activity and 55% said they followed a healthy diet. A total of 70% of
patients surveyed said they took insulin
using a syringe and 30% said they used
a pen; most (56%) changed their needle
with each injection. Patients reported
taking an average of 2.7 injections a day
(maximum of five recorded).
A substantial minority of respondents
(22%) said they planned their daily activities around their insulin injections, and
similar proportions reported that insulin
injections interfered with their lives: 23%
said insulin injections interfered with
their eating/exercising schedule more
than a little, and 25% said that insulin
injections had a negative effect on one or
more activity of daily living. Further, a
substantial minority of respondents
(22%) reported they had to mentally prepare themselves before each injection,
and 33% identified they had some level of
dread associated with taking their daily
injections.
Attitudinal measures tended to fall
below the halfway point of the response
options (i.e., 2.5). Respondents reported moderate levels of satisfaction
with the pain and the inflammation and
bruising associated with insulin injections (the scores for pain and inflammation/bruising were significantly higher
than those for embarrassment, time
needed, and ease of use, P 0.001). A
quarter (24%) of respondents had a score
representing negative affect toward injections (they scored above the midpoint on
the scale), and 21% reported “often” worrying about hypoglycemia.
RESULTS
Sample profile
The sample (n 502) was 55% male,
73% white, 11% Hispanic, 11% African
American, and 5% other race/ethnicity,
with a mean age of 55 years (Table 1).
About half (51%) had attended college.
Only about one-third (38%) were presently employed, and those who were not
employed included 8% students and 8%
disabled; the remainder were mostly retired or nonworking spouses. Median annual income of the sample was about
$35,000.
Approximately one-third (32%) reported having been diagnosed by a health
care professional as having depression. A
total of 77% of the sample said they had
type 2 diabetes, and the rest said they had
type 1 diabetes; patients reported having
diabetes for an average of almost 15 years.
A total of 61% of the patient sample
identified a primary care physician as
their primary diabetes health care provider, whereas 28% named an endocrinologist and 11% named another
(nonphysician) health care provider. Of
the sample, 39% reported engaging in
physical activity and 55% said they followed a healthy diet. A total of 70% of
patients surveyed said they took insulin
using a syringe and 30% said they used
a pen; most (56%) changed their needle
with each injection. Patients reported
taking an average of 2.7 injections a day
(maximum of five recorded).
A substantial minority of respondents
(22%) said they planned their daily activities around their insulin injections, and
similar proportions reported that insulin
injections interfered with their lives: 23%
said insulin injections interfered with
their eating/exercising schedule more
than a little, and 25% said that insulin
injections had a negative effect on one or
more activity of daily living. Further, a
substantial minority of respondents
(22%) reported they had to mentally prepare themselves before each injection,
and 33% identified they had some level of
dread associated with taking their daily
injections.
Attitudinal measures tended to fall
below the halfway point of the response
options (i.e., 2.5). Respondents reported moderate levels of satisfaction
with the pain and the inflammation and
bruising associated with insulin injections (the scores for pain and inflammation/bruising were significantly higher
than those for embarrassment, time
needed, and ease of use, P 0.001). A
quarter (24%) of respondents had a score
representing negative affect toward injections (they scored above the midpoint on
the scale), and 21% reported “often” worrying about hypoglycemia.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..