However, Bianchi and Phillips [19] reveal that the
highest level of problematic mobile phone use is
most found among younger users, from which it
can be argued that this kind of addiction is most
likely to occur among this group.
From surveying the literature on Smartphone
addiction among undergraduates, a number of
problems and methodological issues may be
identified.
For example, there is no consensus among
studies regarding a definition of Smartphone
addiction because of: a) The variety of addiction
symptoms associated with Smartphone use; b)
The wide variety of new Smartphone functions;
and c) The different problematic outcomes
associated with Smartphone addiction [11].
However, unlike material-related addictions,
Smartphone addiction may not produce
observable signs or symptoms, such as
physiological indications of cravings. Indeed, the
addicted individual may appear to be working in
a normal and socially acceptable way [20,21].
According to Griffiths [22] and Shaffer [23],
technological addiction involves extreme humanmachine
interaction which develops when people
become dependent