off Namibia and SWIO. The New Zealand fishery has dominated global catches, and is the only one that has persisted over time with total catches of more than a few thousand tonnes. Much of this comes from a restricted area of the Chatham Rise east of the main New Zealand islands [81]. Stocks in most other fishing grounds around New Zealand have declined substantially [82], and mirror the global pattern on a smaller spatial scale. Serial depletion has occurred in some of the seamount-based fisheries, and a number of areas are now closed (Fig. 4).The Australian fishery was very large between 1989 and 1993 when catch rates of spawning fish on St. Helens Seamount were high, but the stocks were rapidly depleted and quotas were progressively reduced [83]. The St. Helens fishery is now closed completely and Australia declared orange roughy a ‘‘threatened species’’ in 2006. A similar situation occurred off Namibia and Chile [84-86], where, despite extensive research and precaution-ary management objectives, catches could not be sustained, and fisheries are now very small or orange roughy are just bycatch. Similarly, in SWIO, large catches were taken for a short time, with
uncontrolled increase in effort in the early 2000s with no management on the high seas, then a sharp drop in catches and catch rates [87].