In general findings indicate that, across all STEM subject areas, attitudes of older
students are less positive than attitudes of younger students. An exception, attitudes toward
science decline between upper elementary school and middle school, but not between middle and
high school. Interestingly, the standard deviation for math attitudes is much lower than for the
other constructs. This pattern remains when disaggregated by gender and school grade and only
drops slightly across school-levels. This suggests that student attitudes toward mathematics are