II.
For a given or measured force wave form, the ball velocity and the y displacement can be obtained by numerical solution of the equation d2y/dt25F/m with initial conditions y50 and dy/dt5v1 at t50. Regardless of the ball compression and shape of the ball, the work done in changing the kinetic energy of the ball is * F dy and the area enclosed by the F vs y hysteresis loop represents the net energy loss, 0.5m(v1 2 2v2 2 ). If the bounce surface is perfectly rigid, the total work done by the force F acting at the bottom of the ball is zero, since the point of application of the force remains at rest. Nevertheless, * F dy represents the change in kinetic energy, which is equal and opposite to the change in potential energy arising from compression of the ball plus any energy dissipated during the collision. The total energy, including the energy dissipated, therefore remains constant. A simple analysis of the bounce is obtained if one assumes that the bounce surface is not deformed and remains at rest, and that the ball compression, x, is given by F52kx, where k is the spring constant of the ball. If it is also assumed for simplicity that y5x then d2y/dt252ky/m, so F 5F0 sin(vt), where F0 is the amplitude of F and v2 5k/m. It can be deduced that the ball remains in contact with the surface for a time t5p/v, it rebounds with the same speed as the incident speed and the force wave form is a half-sine pulse of amplitude F05mvv1 . For a tennis ball, m50.057 kg and k;23104 Nm21 , giving a contact time t;5.3 ms, consistent with observations.8 For a steel ball of the same mass, k is much larger and the contact time is much shorter. The contact time for a small ball bearing colliding with a solid surface is typically only 20–50 ms. In the case of a Hertzian impact,2,9 where F5kx3/2, or any other impact involving a force law of the form F5kxn, there is also no energy loss so v25v1 . In practice, it is found that v2 is always less than v1 and that the F vs t wave form is not perfectly sinusoidal or even symmetrical. A measured force wave form can be digitized for a numerical analysis or it can be fitted either by a polynomial or by the first few terms of a Fourier series to obtain analytical solutions. Bounce force wave forms are typically only slightly asymmetrical, so a reasonable first approximation is to consider just the fundamental and second harmonic components. This approximation yields some interesting analytical results, but it does not provide a good fit to experimental data. Consequently, the digitized force wave forms were used to analyze each ball separately, and the results are described below.
II For a given or measured force wave form, the ball velocity and the y displacement can be obtained by numerical solution of the equation d2y/dt25F/m with initial conditions y50 and dy/dt5v1 at t50. Regardless of the ball compression and shape of the ball, the work done in changing the kinetic energy of the ball is * F dy and the area enclosed by the F vs y hysteresis loop represents the net energy loss, 0.5m(v1 2 2v2 2 ). If the bounce surface is perfectly rigid, the total work done by the force F acting at the bottom of the ball is zero, since the point of application of the force remains at rest. Nevertheless, * F dy represents the change in kinetic energy, which is equal and opposite to the change in potential energy arising from compression of the ball plus any energy dissipated during the collision. The total energy, including the energy dissipated, therefore remains constant. A simple analysis of the bounce is obtained if one assumes that the bounce surface is not deformed and remains at rest, and that the ball compression, x, is given by F52kx, where k is the spring constant of the ball. If it is also assumed for simplicity that y5x then d2y/dt252ky/m, so F 5F0 sin(vt), where F0 is the amplitude of F and v2 5k/m. It can be deduced that the ball remains in contact with the surface for a time t5p/v, it rebounds with the same speed as the incident speed and the force wave form is a half-sine pulse of amplitude F05mvv1 . For a tennis ball, m50.057 kg and k;23104 Nm21 , giving a contact time t;5.3 ms, consistent with observations.8 For a steel ball of the same mass, k is much larger and the contact time is much shorter. The contact time for a small ball bearing colliding with a solid surface is typically only 20–50 ms. In the case of a Hertzian impact,2,9 where F5kx3/2, or any other impact involving a force law of the form F5kxn, there is also no energy loss so v25v1 . In practice, it is found that v2 is always less than v1 and that the F vs t wave form is not perfectly sinusoidal or even symmetrical. A measured force wave form can be digitized for a numerical analysis or it can be fitted either by a polynomial or by the first few terms of a Fourier series to obtain analytical solutions. Bounce force wave forms are typically only slightly asymmetrical, so a reasonable first approximation is to consider just the fundamental and second harmonic components. This approximation yields some interesting analytical results, but it does not provide a good fit to experimental data. Consequently, the digitized force wave forms were used to analyze each ball separately, and the results are described below.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
