A. Estimating the Frequency of Operator Errors ( )
In order to estimate the frequency of operator errors, a comprehensive
power system model needs to be developed, which
would represent not only the electrical components, but also the
ICT components and human operators. In addition, the interdependencies
between these components have to be evaluated.
This analysis must start with the modeling of the generation
level, and then be extended to include the transmission facilities,
transformers and electrical substations along with their monitoring,
communication, protection and control devices. As this
is a very complicated process, this section focuses on demonstrating
the modeling of an electrical substation and on the identification
of the events that can contribute to insufficient SA at
the substation level.