The developed method allowed the screening of cadmium and lead in marine port waters without any sample pre-treatment for water analysis. When compared to the use of AAS this is a great advantage since atomic absorption spectrometry does not tolerate high salt concentrations. In fact, the use of AAS requires a sample dilution for minimization of sample matrix interference which causes this methodology to be more complex and time consuming. In the developed µSI-LOV method, sample matrix interference was minimized by using standard solutions prepared in artificial seawater, attaining the determination of cadmium and lead in coastal waters. The most common detection systems presented in Table 1 for cadmium and lead determination were voltammetry and AAS, which are very sensitive detection techniques. However, voltammetry may imply, in some works, the use of mercury electrodes. In spite of having a higher limit of detection when compared to some works [21] and [23], the developed methodology allows the screening of cadmium and lead in potentially contaminated water samples in a simple and miniaturized way. In fact, the only paper describing the use of spectrometry as the detection method [25] does not provide the LOD but only the dynamic range; the lowest concentration used was of 1 mg L−1, being higher than the lowest concentration used in this work. Only one work reports the application of the method to seawater samples. However, a step of liquid–liquid extraction was employed. In this work, we applied the developed method to seawater samples, a very complex matrix, with no need to resort to a pre-treatment step, thus being one of the major advantages of the developed methodology.
As far as we know, this is the first work describing a µSI-LOV methodology for cadmium and lead screening in potentially contaminated water. This methodology, by being portable, allows the determination of these hazards at different sampling sites giving a faster (sampling rate of 55 h−1) and real time monitoring of the contaminants.
The developed method allowed the screening of cadmium and lead in marine port waters without any sample pre-treatment for water analysis. When compared to the use of AAS this is a great advantage since atomic absorption spectrometry does not tolerate high salt concentrations. In fact, the use of AAS requires a sample dilution for minimization of sample matrix interference which causes this methodology to be more complex and time consuming. In the developed µSI-LOV method, sample matrix interference was minimized by using standard solutions prepared in artificial seawater, attaining the determination of cadmium and lead in coastal waters. The most common detection systems presented in Table 1 for cadmium and lead determination were voltammetry and AAS, which are very sensitive detection techniques. However, voltammetry may imply, in some works, the use of mercury electrodes. In spite of having a higher limit of detection when compared to some works [21] and [23], the developed methodology allows the screening of cadmium and lead in potentially contaminated water samples in a simple and miniaturized way. In fact, the only paper describing the use of spectrometry as the detection method [25] does not provide the LOD but only the dynamic range; the lowest concentration used was of 1 mg L−1, being higher than the lowest concentration used in this work. Only one work reports the application of the method to seawater samples. However, a step of liquid–liquid extraction was employed. In this work, we applied the developed method to seawater samples, a very complex matrix, with no need to resort to a pre-treatment step, thus being one of the major advantages of the developed methodology.As far as we know, this is the first work describing a µSI-LOV methodology for cadmium and lead screening in potentially contaminated water. This methodology, by being portable, allows the determination of these hazards at different sampling sites giving a faster (sampling rate of 55 h−1) and real time monitoring of the contaminants.
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