upon which symmetric loading and boundary conditions are
applied [29]. Boundary conditions and loads for both 3D and
axisymmetric 2D FE models are shown in Fig. 6a and b, respectively.
The 3D model consists of 4410 C3D8T elements and 6237 nodes,
while the axisymmetric model consists of 750 CAX4T elements and
816 nodes. Fig. 7a and b shows residual axial stress contours for 3D
and axisymmetric models, respectively. Fig. 8a and b shows residual
hoop stresses contours for 3D FE model and axisymmetric FE