Recently, the global increasing demand for refrigeration, e.g. air-conditioning, food preservation, vaccine
storages, medical services, and cooling of electronic devices, led to production of more electricity and consequently
more release of CO2 all over the world [1] which it is contributing factor of global warming on climate change. TER
is new alternative because it can convert waste electricity into useful cooling, is expected to play an important role
in meeting today’s energy challenges [2]. Therefore, TER are greatly needed [3], particularly for developing
countries where long life and low maintenance are needed [4]-[7]. TER are applied of TEC with base on Peltier
effect for removing heat by DC current applied across two dissimilar materials causes a temperature differential [8].
Since TEC can be analyzed by Joule heat, which is called heat rejection (Qh), from TEC hot side larger than the heat
absorption (Qc), into TEC cold side. The general forms of heat absorption and heat rejection are presented as below.
2
Qc