diameter and vitality, number of fresh shoots, number of live and dead culms by age cohort and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of each culm. The median diameter culm was destructively sampled in each clump and measured for total length, number of internodes, and length of each internode. Subsequently the culm was divided into three (lower, middle, upper) sections of equal length, each measured for green biomass. The central internode along and the node below it was separated from the sections, and measured both for green biomass and after oven drying in the laboratory for dry biomass. Additional destructive sampling of culms outside of research plots was carried out to allow representation of the entire DBH range of culms available in the plantations. All sampling was carried out in February 2014, while in Nakhon Ratchasima the destructive sampling component had to be postponed until December 2014 due to restrictions imposed by the plantation owner.