While the Hinkin and Tracey (2003) and Hultsman (2001) studies provided a comprehensive overview of the services and programs supplied by the event producers, their sample sizes were relatively small (N ¼ 76 and 41, respectively). Furthermore, respondents’ perceptions of effectiveness were associated with expectations of or satisfaction with the results of exhibiting and not satisfaction with the exhibition facility (Hultsman, 2001). Furthermore, the studies undertaken did not address specific venues, especially large convention facilities that accommodate tradeshows, that attract 25,000 attendees or more.