The spatial distribution, abundance, and feeding habits of termites in a sugar cane
plantation in Northeast Brazil were studied, and based on these ecological parameters, the pest status
of the species was evaluated. Four species were found: Amitermes nordestinus Mélo & Fontes,
Cylindrotermes nordenskioeldi Holmgren, Nasutitermes coxipoensis (Holmgren) and Syntermes nanus
Constantino, which we reported by the first time in association to sugar cane. The abundance and
spatial distribution (vertical and horizontal) of the termites were influenced mainly by the plant root
biomass and soil organic matter. C. nordenskioeldi is harmful to sugar cane, A. nordestinus is a potential
pest, while N. coxipoensis and S. nanus are not potential pests. The importance of termites for maintaining
the fertility, aeration and porosity of tropical soils is an evidence that basic investigations on reproduction
biology and population dynamics of C. nordenskioeldi and A. nordestinus must be encouraged aiming
to develop pest control agents and species-specific management techniques.