2.2. Sample analyses
2.2.1. Proximate analysis
The percent moisture of the samples was determined according to ASTM E949-88 (2004) in an oven (Memmert model UL50, Schwabach Germany) at 110 °C for 30 min using approximately 3 g of each ground sample. Volatile matter was determined using an oven (model LP-7, CMTS Sdn Bhd, Malaysia) according to ASTM E897-88 (2004). The oven temperature was set and maintained at 950 °C. The ash content was determined according to ASTM E830-87 (2004), using an oven (model LP-7, CMTS Sdn Bhd, Malaysia). The percentage of fixed carbon was calculated according to ASTM D5681-98a (2004) by subtracting moisture, volatile matter and ash content from the total percentage (100%)
2.2. Sample analyses2.2.1. Proximate analysisThe percent moisture of the samples was determined according to ASTM E949-88 (2004) in an oven (Memmert model UL50, Schwabach Germany) at 110 °C for 30 min using approximately 3 g of each ground sample. Volatile matter was determined using an oven (model LP-7, CMTS Sdn Bhd, Malaysia) according to ASTM E897-88 (2004). The oven temperature was set and maintained at 950 °C. The ash content was determined according to ASTM E830-87 (2004), using an oven (model LP-7, CMTS Sdn Bhd, Malaysia). The percentage of fixed carbon was calculated according to ASTM D5681-98a (2004) by subtracting moisture, volatile matter and ash content from the total percentage (100%)
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