2.2. Apparatus
Screen-printed electrodes were produced on aDEK248 printing
machine (DEK, Weymouth, UK) using polyester screens
with appropriate stencil designs mounted at 45◦ to the printer.
Voltammetric measurements were taken using anAUTOLAB
PGSTAT 12 electrochemical system with GPES software (Eco
Chemie, Utrecht, The Netherlands).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained
using a JEOL JSM-6460LV with an INCA elemental X-ray
analysis system.
2.3. Screen-printed electrodes preparation
Hand-made screen-printed electrodes were used in the determination
of Sb(III). For the construction of the screen-printed
electrodes successive layers of different inks were printed
onto a PVC strip substrate (30mm×10 mm, 0.5mm thick)
using four different screens with appropriate stencils to transfer
the required design (Fig. 1). The printing procedure was as
follows:
1) Firstly, three parallel conducting base-patterns were screenprinted
on the PVC strip substrate with commercial silver
ink, giving them an effective conductive surface, and they
were then cured for 15 min at 90 ◦C. The base-pattern at the
left was used as the counter electrode.
2) A silver/silver chloride reference electrode was screenprinted
using silver/silver chloride ink on the silver
base-pattern at the right, as can be seen in Fig. 1, and then
cured for 15 min at 90 ◦C.
3) The working electrode was formed by screen printing a
graphite layer over the silver base-pattern at the centre using
commercial graphite ink and was then cured for 15 min at
90 ◦C.
4) An insulator layer was finally printed over all of the sensor
strip except for the three electrode surfaces and the electrical
connection at the reverse end of the sensor strip, which was
subsequently cured under UV radiation.
2.2. ApparatusScreen-printed electrodes were produced on aDEK248 printingmachine (DEK, Weymouth, UK) using polyester screenswith appropriate stencil designs mounted at 45◦ to the printer.Voltammetric measurements were taken using anAUTOLABPGSTAT 12 electrochemical system with GPES software (EcoChemie, Utrecht, The Netherlands).Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtainedusing a JEOL JSM-6460LV with an INCA elemental X-rayanalysis system.2.3. Screen-printed electrodes preparationHand-made screen-printed electrodes were used in the determinationof Sb(III). For the construction of the screen-printedelectrodes successive layers of different inks were printedonto a PVC strip substrate (30mm×10 mm, 0.5mm thick)using four different screens with appropriate stencils to transferthe required design (Fig. 1). The printing procedure was asfollows:1) Firstly, three parallel conducting base-patterns were screenprintedon the PVC strip substrate with commercial silverink, giving them an effective conductive surface, and theywere then cured for 15 min at 90 ◦C. The base-pattern at theleft was used as the counter electrode.2) A silver/silver chloride reference electrode was screenprintedusing silver/silver chloride ink on the silverbase-pattern at the right, as can be seen in Fig. 1, and thencured for 15 min at 90 ◦C.3) The working electrode was formed by screen printing agraphite layer over the silver base-pattern at the centre usingcommercial graphite ink and was then cured for 15 min at
90 ◦C.
4) An insulator layer was finally printed over all of the sensor
strip except for the three electrode surfaces and the electrical
connection at the reverse end of the sensor strip, which was
subsequently cured under UV radiation.
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