Definition : A citation identifies the author and the year of publication of the source of a specific fact or idea mentioned in a research report. The citation provides enough information for a reader to locate the full reference in the list of references at the end of the report.
As a general rule, be conservative about the references you include in a research report, especially a report of an empirical study. References should all be directly relevant to the study that you are presenting. Your goal is to describe and explain your study, not to provide readers with a complete literature review that summarizes every publication that may be remotely related. Select only those references that are truly useful and contribute to your arguments.
As a general rule, it is better to paraphrase a point using your own words that to quote directly from another work. There are rate occasions when direct quotations can be useful, but they should be used only when it is necessary to preserve the whole essence of the original statements. Thus, quotations should be used sparingly. When directly quoting from another work, in addition to identifying the author and year of publication, you must also provide a page number (or paragraph number in the case of online sources without page numbers). For short quotations, fewer than 40 words, the quotation is embedded in the text with quotation marks at both ends.
For example,
Resenhoeft, Villa, and Wiseman (2008) report that participants judged a model without a visible tattoo as “more attractive, athletic, and intelligent than the same model shown with a tattoo” (p. 594).
Quotations of 40 or more words are presented as an indented block, separate from the other text, and without any quotation marks. For example,
Fontes (2004) offers several recommendations to help protect the confidentiality and safety of individuals participating in studies investigating violence against women and girls, including the following:
Interviewers should be trained to terminate or change the subject of questionnaire on a less sensitive topic in women’s health (e.g., menstruation or eating habits) to “switch to” if they are interrupted. Researchers should forewarn respondents that they will switch to this other topic if the interview is interrupted. (p.155)
But remember that, whenever you paraphrase someone else’s work or use direct quotations, you need to provide a citation to give them credit.
Guidelines for Typing or Word Processing
The general APA guidelines require that a manuscript be double-spaced (with the exception that tables and figures may be single-spaced) with at least a 1” margin on all sides (8 ½ X 11” Page). In addition, the text should have a straight left-hand margin but an uneven or ragged right-hand margin without hyphenation (braking words at the ends of lines). Indent the first line of each paragraph five to seven spaces; indentation should be consistent throughout the manuscript. For APA publications, the preferred typeface is 12-point Times New Roman. This uniform format serves several purposes. First, it ensures a lot of blank space on every page to allow editors, reviewers, or professors to make comments or corrections. In addition, uniform spacing makes it possible for editors to estimate the length of a printed article from the number of pages in a manuscript.
Manuscript Pages
In addition to the body of the manuscript (the basic text that describes the research study), a research report consists of several other parts that are necessary to form a complete manuscript. In section 16.3, we discuss each of these parts in much more detail, but, for now, note that they are organized in the following order, with each part starting on its own separate page:
Title Page: Title, author’s name and affiliation, and the author note. Page 1.
Abstract: A brief summary of the research report. Page 2.
Text: This is body of the research report (containing for sections: introduction, method, results, and discussion) beginning on page 3.
References: Listed together, starting on a new page.
Tables: Each table starts on a new page.
Figures: Each figure starts on a new page and includes a caption on the same page.
Appendices (if any): Each appendix starts on a new page.
Definition : A citation identifies the author and the year of publication of the source of a specific fact or idea mentioned in a research report. The citation provides enough information for a reader to locate the full reference in the list of references at the end of the report.
As a general rule, be conservative about the references you include in a research report, especially a report of an empirical study. References should all be directly relevant to the study that you are presenting. Your goal is to describe and explain your study, not to provide readers with a complete literature review that summarizes every publication that may be remotely related. Select only those references that are truly useful and contribute to your arguments.
As a general rule, it is better to paraphrase a point using your own words that to quote directly from another work. There are rate occasions when direct quotations can be useful, but they should be used only when it is necessary to preserve the whole essence of the original statements. Thus, quotations should be used sparingly. When directly quoting from another work, in addition to identifying the author and year of publication, you must also provide a page number (or paragraph number in the case of online sources without page numbers). For short quotations, fewer than 40 words, the quotation is embedded in the text with quotation marks at both ends.
For example,
Resenhoeft, Villa, and Wiseman (2008) report that participants judged a model without a visible tattoo as “more attractive, athletic, and intelligent than the same model shown with a tattoo” (p. 594).
Quotations of 40 or more words are presented as an indented block, separate from the other text, and without any quotation marks. For example,
Fontes (2004) offers several recommendations to help protect the confidentiality and safety of individuals participating in studies investigating violence against women and girls, including the following:
Interviewers should be trained to terminate or change the subject of questionnaire on a less sensitive topic in women’s health (e.g., menstruation or eating habits) to “switch to” if they are interrupted. Researchers should forewarn respondents that they will switch to this other topic if the interview is interrupted. (p.155)
But remember that, whenever you paraphrase someone else’s work or use direct quotations, you need to provide a citation to give them credit.
Guidelines for Typing or Word Processing
The general APA guidelines require that a manuscript be double-spaced (with the exception that tables and figures may be single-spaced) with at least a 1” margin on all sides (8 ½ X 11” Page). In addition, the text should have a straight left-hand margin but an uneven or ragged right-hand margin without hyphenation (braking words at the ends of lines). Indent the first line of each paragraph five to seven spaces; indentation should be consistent throughout the manuscript. For APA publications, the preferred typeface is 12-point Times New Roman. This uniform format serves several purposes. First, it ensures a lot of blank space on every page to allow editors, reviewers, or professors to make comments or corrections. In addition, uniform spacing makes it possible for editors to estimate the length of a printed article from the number of pages in a manuscript.
Manuscript Pages
In addition to the body of the manuscript (the basic text that describes the research study), a research report consists of several other parts that are necessary to form a complete manuscript. In section 16.3, we discuss each of these parts in much more detail, but, for now, note that they are organized in the following order, with each part starting on its own separate page:
Title Page: Title, author’s name and affiliation, and the author note. Page 1.
Abstract: A brief summary of the research report. Page 2.
Text: This is body of the research report (containing for sections: introduction, method, results, and discussion) beginning on page 3.
References: Listed together, starting on a new page.
Tables: Each table starts on a new page.
Figures: Each figure starts on a new page and includes a caption on the same page.
Appendices (if any): Each appendix starts on a new page.
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