However, measurement issues remain a formidable obstacle to the development of reliable carbon footprint data for decision making.
A snapshot of some such upstream and downstream issues is provided by Arzoumanidis et al.
when examining accounting for biogenic exchanges in the wine industry.
These include forest management, agricultural practices and land use, soil erosion, the inclusion of all parts of a tree, the inclusion of the end-of-life phase, etc.
and require knowledge that goes well beyond that available to the conventional accountant.