Appearance and Reality
The essential top-down contribution of previous knowledge to perception has tempted some
philosophers and psychologists to conclude that the senses do not enable us to know what objects are,
only what they appear to be. Some worry that the gap between appearance and reality cannot be
bridged, as when Kant said that we cannot know things in themselves. Some psychologists writing on
hallucinations have claimed that support for Kant's idealism comes from the brain's capability of
generating illusory perceptions that have no connection with reality. A few micrograms of a drug like
LSD can disengage your brain's perceptual apparatus from the usual sensory inputs and generate
fantastic images that have no correspondence to anything in the world. You do not have to take drugs
to hallucinate, as a similar process takes place every night when you dream. Your brain generates
complex and often compelling sensory experiences that are not directly caused by anything in the
world. Last night I dreamed that I was shopping in a supermarket and bought some delicious bread,
but morning brought the realization that the market and the bread were unreal.
Nevertheless, we should not infer from the complexity of perceptual processing and phenomena
like hallucinations and dreams that the senses fail to provide us with knowledge about how the world
actually is. Support for the reality of objects is based on inference to the best explanation, as
defended in chapter 2. There is abundant evidence that the bread I ate for lunch today exists and has
the properties I attribute to it.
First, I do not have to rely exclusively on a single sense. I see the color and shape of the loaf of
bread, but I can cross-check the shape using my sense of touch, confirming that it feels the same way
that it looks. I can also use hearing to investigate the bread by banging the loaf against a pot and
hearing the ding. Further, the bread produces pleasurable stimulation of my senses of taste and smell.
The brain has different sensory systems but can combine them to form unified perceptions. In contrast
to hallucinations and dreams, which are hard to control, systematic experiments are possible: I can
generate integrated and coherent sensations of the bread—for example, by simultaneously looking at
it, scratching it, and eating it. Because I can make the bread cause these experiences, and because
there is no evidence to support alternative hypotheses (e.g., I am hallucinating or dreaming), it is
reasonable to conclude that the bread exists. Its reality is the best explanation of my diverse
experience of it.
Second, evidence for the reality of objects does not have to rely only on my own specific sensory
experiences of them, as I can also often rely on the testimony of others. Any doubts I have about the
bread's causing my experiences can be reduced if I share it with other people, who will generally
report similar experiences. You may not like this whole-grain bread as much as I do, but I would be
very surprised if your reports of its color, shape, texture, smell, and taste turned out to be much
different from mine. We can make a party of it and have a bread tasting in which we all compare our
sensory experiences. I predict that reports of the sight, feel, taste, smell, and sound of the bread will
be remarkably convergent. The best explanation of this convergence across the sensory experiences
of multiple people is that there really is a loaf of bread that is causing all of our brains to generate
similar experiences. The reports of similar experiences by me and other people all result from a
combination of physical mechanisms by which the bread affects our senses and neural mechanisms by
which our brains interpret sensory inputs.
ลักษณะและความเป็นจริงส่วนบนลงล่างจะสำคัญความรู้ก่อนหน้านี้จะรับรู้ได้ล่อลวงบางนักปรัชญาและนักจิตวิทยาเพื่อสรุปว่า ความรู้สึกไม่ให้เรารู้วัตถุคืออะไรเท่า ที่ปรากฏจะ บางคนกังวลว่า ไม่มีช่องว่างระหว่างรูปลักษณ์และความเป็นจริงระหว่างกาล เป็นเมื่อ Kant กล่าวว่า เราไม่สามารถรู้สิ่งในตัวเอง นักจิตวิทยาบางเขียนบนเห็นภาพหลอนมีอ้างที่สนับสนุนสำหรับของ Kant idealism มาจากความสามารถของสมองของสร้างภาพลักษณ์คอร์รัปชัน illusory ที่เชื่อมต่อกับความเป็นจริง Micrograms กี่ของยาเช่นLSD สามารถ disengage เครื่อง perceptual ของสมองจากอินพุตรับความรู้สึกปกติ และสร้างรูปภาพยอดเยี่ยมที่ไม่โต้ตอบอะไรในโลก คุณไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้ยาเสพติดการเกิดภาพหลอนประสาท เป็นกระบวนการที่คล้ายกันเกิดเมื่อคุณฝันทุกคืน สร้างสมองของคุณซับซ้อนและมักจะจับใจประสบการณ์ทางประสาทสัมผัสที่ไม่ตรงเกิดจากอะไรในการโลก เมื่อคืนฉันฝันว่า ฉันมีการช็อปปิ้งในซูเปอร์มาร์เก็ต และซื้อขนมปังอร่อยบางแต่เช้ามารับรู้ว่า ตลาดและขนมปังที่ลวงตาอย่างไรก็ตาม เราจะไม่รู้จากความซับซ้อนของการประมวลผล perceptual และปรากฏการณ์เช่นเห็นภาพหลอนและฝันว่า ความรู้สึกไม่ให้เรารู้ว่าโลกจริง อยู่ สนับสนุนความเป็นจริงของวัตถุขึ้นอยู่กับข้อการอธิบายที่ดีที่สุด เป็นdefended in chapter 2. There is abundant evidence that the bread I ate for lunch today exists and hasthe properties I attribute to it.First, I do not have to rely exclusively on a single sense. I see the color and shape of the loaf ofbread, but I can cross-check the shape using my sense of touch, confirming that it feels the same waythat it looks. I can also use hearing to investigate the bread by banging the loaf against a pot andhearing the ding. Further, the bread produces pleasurable stimulation of my senses of taste and smell.The brain has different sensory systems but can combine them to form unified perceptions. In contrastto hallucinations and dreams, which are hard to control, systematic experiments are possible: I cangenerate integrated and coherent sensations of the bread—for example, by simultaneously looking atit, scratching it, and eating it. Because I can make the bread cause these experiences, and becausethere is no evidence to support alternative hypotheses (e.g., I am hallucinating or dreaming), it isreasonable to conclude that the bread exists. Its reality is the best explanation of my diverseexperience of it.Second, evidence for the reality of objects does not have to rely only on my own specific sensoryexperiences of them, as I can also often rely on the testimony of others. Any doubts I have about thebread's causing my experiences can be reduced if I share it with other people, who will generallyreport similar experiences. You may not like this whole-grain bread as much as I do, but I would be
very surprised if your reports of its color, shape, texture, smell, and taste turned out to be much
different from mine. We can make a party of it and have a bread tasting in which we all compare our
sensory experiences. I predict that reports of the sight, feel, taste, smell, and sound of the bread will
be remarkably convergent. The best explanation of this convergence across the sensory experiences
of multiple people is that there really is a loaf of bread that is causing all of our brains to generate
similar experiences. The reports of similar experiences by me and other people all result from a
combination of physical mechanisms by which the bread affects our senses and neural mechanisms by
which our brains interpret sensory inputs.
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