00:09
So we've had an introduction to emergency management.
00:11
I don't know about you, but often I get asked why I'm into
00:14
emergency management.
00:16
Let's explore that a little.
00:19
Why do government agencies invest in emergency
00:21
management?
00:22
Well, often, there are international conventions that
00:24
require them to do so, agreements that governments
00:26
have entered into that they will assist others and be
00:29
prepared themselves.
00:31
There are legal responsibilities within
00:33
countries, legislation that requires parts of the
00:36
government to be prepared for or respond to and recover from
00:40
emergencies, and also to reduce the risk from
00:43
emergencies.
00:45
There's a desire to achieve effectiveness and efficiency.
00:50
So governments get involved in emergency management to build
00:53
those capabilities.
00:55
There's community wide responsibilities, communities
00:58
feeling that it's the right thing to do to meet the needs
01:01
of themselves and neighbouring communities.
01:04
There are inter-organization relationships.
01:07
Organisations have roles within emergency management.
01:11
And there are dependencies with other organisations.
01:13
So it's about working together, a desire to do so.
01:17
There is a professional focus increasingly within emergency
01:20
management, where people see that it's important that they
01:22
understand what emergency management means so that they
01:25
can build their own capability and make a contribution in an
01:28
effective way as an individual professional contributing to
01:32
the discipline.
01:33
There are also moral responsibilities, for
01:36
organisations to be able to meet the needs of their
01:39
communities.
01:40
Often, that's a bottom line for government organisations.
01:43
If they are unable to meet the expectations of communities in
01:46
the lead up to, during, and after emergencies, that moral
01:50
responsibility comes back to visit them.
01:52
Often, it will become a reality for politicians at the
01:55
next election if they're unable to meet that moral
01:58
responsibility.
01:59
So there are some of the reasons why organisations,
02:02
particularly government organisations, become involved
02:04
in emergency management.
02:06
But why do individuals get involved in emergency
02:08
management?
02:09
There's often a desire to contribute, to make a
02:11
difference.
02:13
That's one of the reasons that I got involved in emergency
02:15
management, to enable my communities where I was living
02:17
at the time to be more resilient to the risks that
02:20
they faced.
02:21
Contributing to community safety is often a driver for
02:24
people to be involved in emergency management.
02:26
Sometimes, it's a sense of duty.
02:28
People feel an obligation to do so.
02:30
Maybe it's part of the role within their
02:31
culture or their community.
02:34
So they are encouraged to do so by a sense of duty.
02:37
There may be drivers to become involved in emergency
02:40
management from individuals who have a higher perception
02:43
of the risk that their communities face than others
02:46
around them.
02:46
So they'll get involved through those reasons.
02:49
There may be volunteer opportunities.
02:51
People want to get involved in a volunteer organisation and
02:53
make a difference that way, or they want to feel involved and
02:57
members of an organisation.
02:58
So they become involved in emergency management through a
03:01
side door, if you like.
03:03
There are non-government organisations who often have
03:05
an international reach.
03:06
And that has an appeal for individuals to be involved in
03:09
that, to feel like they're not only making a difference at
03:11
home, but they have the ability to make a difference
03:14
elsewhere, as well.
03:16
There can be career opportunities.
03:17
People want to get involved in emergency management because
03:19
they can see an opportunity to build a career for themselves.
03:23
So that's some of the drivers for involvement in emergency
03:25
management today.
03:27
Let's look back in time for a moment to consider where
03:30
emergency management's come from.
03:32
We can go right back to prehistory, and this image
03:35
we're looking at, the Nile Delta, flying into the
03:38
Mediterranean at the top of the picture.
03:40
There is evidence in this part of the world of emergency
03:43
management type approaches dating back thousands of
03:46
years, particularly in relation to risk reduction as
03:49
communities dealt with the ebbing and following of the
03:52
Nile River over the seasons.
03:54
Knowledge about hazards and the ability to deal with them
03:58
was passed on predominantly through oral accounts, that
04:03
understanding of risk was able to be passed on from
04:05
generation to generation.
04:08
So the ability to deal with risks was predominantly
04:12
grounded in experience.
04:14
That knowledge enabled risk avoidance behaviours to be
04:17
established.
04:18
This could be seen to be the foundation for emergency
04:21
management.
04:22
More recently, over the last several hundred years,
04:26
particularly through the Industrial Revolution, we've
04:28
seen new hazards develop through industrialisation.
04:32
Populations have exploded.
04:33
And so there is increased exposure to those risks.
04:36
We've seen the development of engineered approaches to
04:39
reducing risk.
04:40
We're going to talk more about that in later
04:42
parts of this course.
04:44
More recently, we experienced World War II, and then the
04:47
threat of atomic war.
04:50
We saw a civil defence model established during World War
04:53
II in response to some of the military activities,
04:56
particularly aerial bombing that occurred during that war.
05:00
Subsequently, that civil defence model developed during
05:03
the atomic era and in the Cold War.
05:06
Within the civil defence model, a strong command of
05:09
control element was established, expecting that
05:12
there would be groups of individuals trained as
05:15
volunteers in the community to be able to manage the
05:18
response, delivering emergency management, if you like, to
05:21
the communities.
05:23
Later in the Cold War era, it was found that the structures,
05:26
processes, and capabilities that had been put in place to
05:29
deal with the military threat were able to be applied to
05:32
natural hazard events, as well.
05:35
So the command of control model was applied
05:37
to those, as well.
05:39
Most recently, from the 1980s onwards, the end of the Cold
05:43
War, a more comprehensive approach was applied.
05:46
There was little need to have the focus on
05:49
the military threat.
05:51
So there was an opportunity to reconfigure emergency
05:53
management.
05:54
More of the all hazards approach became apparent.
05:58
As we become more dependent on technology, there was a focus
06:02
on dealing with not just natural hazards but a wider
06:05
range of hazards.
06:06
It was found also that the cost of focusing on response
06:10
in particular was costing our communities too much.
06:14
Therefore, a more holistic
06:15
approach began to be developed.
06:17
So the beginnings of a more holistic emergency management
06:19
model began to be developed at that time, including notions
06:24
of risk management.
06:26
Better access to knowledge about risks became available
06:29
at that time as science improved.
06:31
So we've moved from all hazards to risk management,
06:35
including, more recently, disaster risk reduction.
06:39
So we've looked at some of the reasons why organisations and
06:42
individuals become involved in emergency management.
06:44
Here's your first opportunity to go to the discussion forum.
06:47
Go there now, and discuss why you are involved in emergency
06:51
management.
06:51
What is it that gets you interested in this discipline?
06:56
After you've spent some time at the discussion forum, come
06:58
back, and we'll move on to the next topic, emergency
07:00
management evolution.
00:09
So we've had an introduction to emergency management.
00:11
I don't know about you, but often I get asked why I'm into
00:14
emergency management.
00:16
Let's explore that a little.
00:19
Why do government agencies invest in emergency
00:21
management?
00:22
Well, often, there are international conventions that
00:24
require them to do so, agreements that governments
00:26
have entered into that they will assist others and be
00:29
prepared themselves.
00:31
There are legal responsibilities within
00:33
countries, legislation that requires parts of the
00:36
government to be prepared for or respond to and recover from
00:40
emergencies, and also to reduce the risk from
00:43
emergencies.
00:45
There's a desire to achieve effectiveness and efficiency.
00:50
So governments get involved in emergency management to build
00:53
those capabilities.
00:55
There's community wide responsibilities, communities
00:58
feeling that it's the right thing to do to meet the needs
01:01
of themselves and neighbouring communities.
01:04
There are inter-organization relationships.
01:07
Organisations have roles within emergency management.
01:11
And there are dependencies with other organisations.
01:13
So it's about working together, a desire to do so.
01:17
There is a professional focus increasingly within emergency
01:20
management, where people see that it's important that they
01:22
understand what emergency management means so that they
01:25
can build their own capability and make a contribution in an
01:28
effective way as an individual professional contributing to
01:32
the discipline.
01:33
There are also moral responsibilities, for
01:36
organisations to be able to meet the needs of their
01:39
communities.
01:40
Often, that's a bottom line for government organisations.
01:43
If they are unable to meet the expectations of communities in
01:46
the lead up to, during, and after emergencies, that moral
01:50
responsibility comes back to visit them.
01:52
Often, it will become a reality for politicians at the
01:55
next election if they're unable to meet that moral
01:58
responsibility.
01:59
So there are some of the reasons why organisations,
02:02
particularly government organisations, become involved
02:04
in emergency management.
02:06
But why do individuals get involved in emergency
02:08
management?
02:09
There's often a desire to contribute, to make a
02:11
difference.
02:13
That's one of the reasons that I got involved in emergency
02:15
management, to enable my communities where I was living
02:17
at the time to be more resilient to the risks that
02:20
they faced.
02:21
Contributing to community safety is often a driver for
02:24
people to be involved in emergency management.
02:26
Sometimes, it's a sense of duty.
02:28
People feel an obligation to do so.
02:30
Maybe it's part of the role within their
02:31
culture or their community.
02:34
So they are encouraged to do so by a sense of duty.
02:37
There may be drivers to become involved in emergency
02:40
management from individuals who have a higher perception
02:43
of the risk that their communities face than others
02:46
around them.
02:46
So they'll get involved through those reasons.
02:49
There may be volunteer opportunities.
02:51
People want to get involved in a volunteer organisation and
02:53
make a difference that way, or they want to feel involved and
02:57
members of an organisation.
02:58
So they become involved in emergency management through a
03:01
side door, if you like.
03:03
There are non-government organisations who often have
03:05
an international reach.
03:06
And that has an appeal for individuals to be involved in
03:09
that, to feel like they're not only making a difference at
03:11
home, but they have the ability to make a difference
03:14
elsewhere, as well.
03:16
There can be career opportunities.
03:17
People want to get involved in emergency management because
03:19
they can see an opportunity to build a career for themselves.
03:23
So that's some of the drivers for involvement in emergency
03:25
management today.
03:27
Let's look back in time for a moment to consider where
03:30
emergency management's come from.
03:32
We can go right back to prehistory, and this image
03:35
we're looking at, the Nile Delta, flying into the
03:38
Mediterranean at the top of the picture.
03:40
There is evidence in this part of the world of emergency
03:43
management type approaches dating back thousands of
03:46
years, particularly in relation to risk reduction as
03:49
communities dealt with the ebbing and following of the
03:52
Nile River over the seasons.
03:54
Knowledge about hazards and the ability to deal with them
03:58
was passed on predominantly through oral accounts, that
04:03
understanding of risk was able to be passed on from
04:05
generation to generation.
04:08
So the ability to deal with risks was predominantly
04:12
grounded in experience.
04:14
That knowledge enabled risk avoidance behaviours to be
04:17
established.
04:18
This could be seen to be the foundation for emergency
04:21
management.
04:22
More recently, over the last several hundred years,
04:26
particularly through the Industrial Revolution, we've
04:28
seen new hazards develop through industrialisation.
04:32
Populations have exploded.
04:33
And so there is increased exposure to those risks.
04:36
We've seen the development of engineered approaches to
04:39
reducing risk.
04:40
We're going to talk more about that in later
04:42
parts of this course.
04:44
More recently, we experienced World War II, and then the
04:47
threat of atomic war.
04:50
We saw a civil defence model established during World War
04:53
II in response to some of the military activities,
04:56
particularly aerial bombing that occurred during that war.
05:00
Subsequently, that civil defence model developed during
05:03
the atomic era and in the Cold War.
05:06
Within the civil defence model, a strong command of
05:09
control element was established, expecting that
05:12
there would be groups of individuals trained as
05:15
volunteers in the community to be able to manage the
05:18
response, delivering emergency management, if you like, to
05:21
the communities.
05:23
Later in the Cold War era, it was found that the structures,
05:26
processes, and capabilities that had been put in place to
05:29
deal with the military threat were able to be applied to
05:32
natural hazard events, as well.
05:35
So the command of control model was applied
05:37
to those, as well.
05:39
Most recently, from the 1980s onwards, the end of the Cold
05:43
War, a more comprehensive approach was applied.
05:46
There was little need to have the focus on
05:49
the military threat.
05:51
So there was an opportunity to reconfigure emergency
05:53
management.
05:54
More of the all hazards approach became apparent.
05:58
As we become more dependent on technology, there was a focus
06:02
on dealing with not just natural hazards but a wider
06:05
range of hazards.
06:06
It was found also that the cost of focusing on response
06:10
in particular was costing our communities too much.
06:14
Therefore, a more holistic
06:15
approach began to be developed.
06:17
So the beginnings of a more holistic emergency management
06:19
model began to be developed at that time, including notions
06:24
of risk management.
06:26
Better access to knowledge about risks became available
06:29
at that time as science improved.
06:31
So we've moved from all hazards to risk management,
06:35
including, more recently, disaster risk reduction.
06:39
So we've looked at some of the reasons why organisations and
06:42
individuals become involved in emergency management.
06:44
Here's your first opportunity to go to the discussion forum.
06:47
Go there now, and discuss why you are involved in emergency
06:51
management.
06:51
What is it that gets you interested in this discipline?
06:56
After you've spent some time at the discussion forum, come
06:58
back, and we'll move on to the next topic, emergency
07:00
management evolution.
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