Discussion
Summary of main results
1. Comparison 1. CBT versus all other psychological therapies
1.1 Adverse effect/event
Overall numbers were very small (3%), but CBT did not show an advantage with respect to avoidance of death by natural causes or suicide.
For 'general adverse effects' no advantage was found for cognitive therapy. One trial (Klingberg 2009), reported no difference in adverse outcomes between CBT and Cognitive Remediation Training in the long-term. Many of these studies do not report adverse effects of this theoretically potent talking therapy. If such treatment is potentially to be recommended for wide adoption routine recording and reporting of adverse effects should be expected within evaluative studies.
1.2 Mental state
We found no consistent advantage for CBT over other therapies with respect to clinically reliable or important changes in general psychiatric symptoms.
Of the seven trials, only Drury 2000 and Sensky 2000 showed a positive effect for CBT and this was in comparison to non-active therapies designed to control for non-specific aspects of therapy. With respect to global psychiatric symptoms based on the BPRS, no effect was found in the short- or long-term but a small advantage for CBT was found in the medium-term.This was observed in only a single small trial (Pinto 1999) which compared CBT to an active therapy (supportive counselling). Global psychiatric symptoms as measured by the Total Score of the PANSS showed a significant advantage for CBT in the short- and medium-term, but not over longer periods. There was significant variation in the trial results in the short-term and the positive result was entirely attributable to Levine 1998 which targeted medication compliance. We found no effect in the short-, medium- or long-term on the general symptom scale of the PANSS.
Much of the CBT-based interventions for psychosis focus on specific symptoms. With respect to positive symptoms on the PANSS, no significant advantage was found for CBT in the short- or medium-term. There was a small effect in the long-term in favour of CBT, but this seems to be accounted for by a single trial (Penn 2009) which employed a variant of CBT explicitly focused on the management of auditory hallucinations. When a more specific measure of dimensions of voice hearing (the PSRS or Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire) was used, no advantage was found for CBT at any duration of treatment outcome.
With respect to delusions as measured by the Delusions subscale of the PSRS across five trials, a significant advantage was found for CBT in the short-term which was not maintained at longer durations, and the effect in the short-term is attributable to the impact of one trial that was not targeted at treatment of delusions (Haddock 2009). No effect was found for the differential impact of CBT on negative symptoms at any treatment duration.
A significant advantage was found for CBT in comparison to both Family Therapy (Garety 2008 a) and Enhanced Supportive Therapy (Penn 2009) in terms of reducing depressive symptoms as measured by the BDI but only in longer term outcomes. At shorter durations there was a consistent but non-significant trend in favour of CBT. This pattern of longer-term benefits was demonstrated on a second measure of depression in a further trial (Sensky 2000). This finding supports the Birchwood 2006 assertion that CBT targets the emotional/behavioural distress rather than psychotic symptomatology.
No advantage for CBT was found at any duration of outcome for anxiety, self-esteem, insight, anger or problem behaviours in the form of violence.
1.3 Global state
There was no consistent advantage for CBT over other therapies with respect to rate of relapse or rehospitalisation. No differential effect of CBT was observed on global functioning as measured by the Global Assessment Scale. In contrast, there was a consistent positive effect on global functioning (as measured by the DSM-IV GAF measure) which favoured CBT; this effect, however, was only observed in the short-term and was not present over longer periods and may be a chance finding. However, notably, the studies contributing to this short-term effect involved a focus on anger and psychotic symptoms relating to problem behaviour (Haddock 2009) and medication compliance (Kemp 1998).
The findings with respect to social functioning were equivocal and dependent on the measure used. No significant advantage was observed on the SFS when CBT was compared with Enhance supportive therapy (Penn 2009) at any duration of outcome. In contrast, using the SOFAS, Garety 2008 a and Jackson 2008 reported an advantage favouring CBT in the short-term when compared with a non-active control therapy (befriending) but this was not maintained at subsequent follow-up. This important outcome is not often measured but there is no indication that the addition of CBT to standard care has any convincing generalised effect.
1.4 Quality of life
It is surprising that only
อภิปรายสรุปผลการหลัก1. เปรียบเทียบ 1 CBT เมื่อเทียบกับการรักษาทางจิตใจอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมด1.1 ผล/เหตุการณ์ที่ไม่พึงประสงค์ตัวเลขโดยรวมมีขนาดเล็กมาก (3%), แต่ CBT ไม่ได้แสดงข้อได้เปรียบเกี่ยวกับการหลีกเลี่ยงความตายโดยสาเหตุธรรมชาติหรือฆ่าตัวตายสำหรับ 'ทั่วไปผลกระทบ' ประโยชน์ไม่พบสำหรับรักษาองค์ความรู้ การทดลองหนึ่ง (Klingberg 2009), รายงานในผลกระทบและไม่แตกต่าง CBT ฝึกอบรมด้านความรู้ความเข้าใจในระยะยาว ของการศึกษาเหล่านี้ไม่รายงานผลกระทบของการรักษาด้วยการพูดคุยนี้มีศักยภาพในทางทฤษฎี ถ้าการรักษาดังกล่าวอาจจะแนะนำสำหรับขั้นตอนการยอมรับกว้างบันทึก และการรายงานของผลกระทบ ควรจะคาดว่าภายในการศึกษาประเมินทั้งภาพ1.2 สภาพจิตใจเราพบสิ่งไม่สอดคล้องกันสำหรับ CBT มากกว่ารักษาอื่น ๆ เกี่ยวกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางการแพทย์ที่เชื่อถือได้ หรือสำคัญอาการทางจิตเวชทั่วไปOf the seven trials, only Drury 2000 and Sensky 2000 showed a positive effect for CBT and this was in comparison to non-active therapies designed to control for non-specific aspects of therapy. With respect to global psychiatric symptoms based on the BPRS, no effect was found in the short- or long-term but a small advantage for CBT was found in the medium-term.This was observed in only a single small trial (Pinto 1999) which compared CBT to an active therapy (supportive counselling). Global psychiatric symptoms as measured by the Total Score of the PANSS showed a significant advantage for CBT in the short- and medium-term, but not over longer periods. There was significant variation in the trial results in the short-term and the positive result was entirely attributable to Levine 1998 which targeted medication compliance. We found no effect in the short-, medium- or long-term on the general symptom scale of the PANSS.Much of the CBT-based interventions for psychosis focus on specific symptoms. With respect to positive symptoms on the PANSS, no significant advantage was found for CBT in the short- or medium-term. There was a small effect in the long-term in favour of CBT, but this seems to be accounted for by a single trial (Penn 2009) which employed a variant of CBT explicitly focused on the management of auditory hallucinations. When a more specific measure of dimensions of voice hearing (the PSRS or Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire) was used, no advantage was found for CBT at any duration of treatment outcome.With respect to delusions as measured by the Delusions subscale of the PSRS across five trials, a significant advantage was found for CBT in the short-term which was not maintained at longer durations, and the effect in the short-term is attributable to the impact of one trial that was not targeted at treatment of delusions (Haddock 2009). No effect was found for the differential impact of CBT on negative symptoms at any treatment duration.A significant advantage was found for CBT in comparison to both Family Therapy (Garety 2008 a) and Enhanced Supportive Therapy (Penn 2009) in terms of reducing depressive symptoms as measured by the BDI but only in longer term outcomes. At shorter durations there was a consistent but non-significant trend in favour of CBT. This pattern of longer-term benefits was demonstrated on a second measure of depression in a further trial (Sensky 2000). This finding supports the Birchwood 2006 assertion that CBT targets the emotional/behavioural distress rather than psychotic symptomatology.No advantage for CBT was found at any duration of outcome for anxiety, self-esteem, insight, anger or problem behaviours in the form of violence.1.3 Global stateThere was no consistent advantage for CBT over other therapies with respect to rate of relapse or rehospitalisation. No differential effect of CBT was observed on global functioning as measured by the Global Assessment Scale. In contrast, there was a consistent positive effect on global functioning (as measured by the DSM-IV GAF measure) which favoured CBT; this effect, however, was only observed in the short-term and was not present over longer periods and may be a chance finding. However, notably, the studies contributing to this short-term effect involved a focus on anger and psychotic symptoms relating to problem behaviour (Haddock 2009) and medication compliance (Kemp 1998).The findings with respect to social functioning were equivocal and dependent on the measure used. No significant advantage was observed on the SFS when CBT was compared with Enhance supportive therapy (Penn 2009) at any duration of outcome. In contrast, using the SOFAS, Garety 2008 a and Jackson 2008 reported an advantage favouring CBT in the short-term when compared with a non-active control therapy (befriending) but this was not maintained at subsequent follow-up. This important outcome is not often measured but there is no indication that the addition of CBT to standard care has any convincing generalised effect.1.4 Quality of lifeIt is surprising that only
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