The elements of cognitive apprenticeship are present in the examples we have already examined. One of the purposes of reciprocal teaching, which we have already examined, is to teach children to perform some of the tasks of the teacher. Students watch the teacher model the tasks and then practice performing those tasks under the guidance of the teacher. In the Jasper series, students must demonstrate visible signs of the whole problem-solving process by asking questions, forming plans, finding resources, breaking a problem into its parts, and testing possible solutions with each other. In problem-based learning, the students work under the guidance of the teacher to solve real problems.