The bio-oil stabilization process has minimal mass losses, with
15.4% of the bio-oil extracted as raffine and 84.6% extracted as
stabilized bio-oil. The energy and material inputs for the bio-oil
stabilization process with respect to the experimental and
industrial-scale system’s models are shown in Table 1. The
raffine and bio-oil are processed directly into fuel through hydroprocessing.
Further details are presented in the supplementary
information.