In the Middle Ages, the study of logic was included in the so called curriculum ‘Trivium’ which aims to cultivate students to be literate person.
Trivium consists of
Logic: how to think
Grammar: how to communicate
Rhetoric: how to persuade or to impress the other
Trivium
by Thomas Wilson (1524-1581)
Grammar doth teach to utter words. To speak both apt and plain, Logic by art sets forth the truth, And doth tell us what is vain. Rhetoric at large paints well the cause, And makes that seem right gay, Which Logic spake but at a word, And taught as by the way.
In the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed a symbolic language or ‘Calculus’. (He is credited as the father of symbolic logic.)
In the 19th-20th centuries, the principles of modern logic were developed by many logicians e.g. Augustus De Morgan, John Venn, John Stuart Mill, and especially Bertrand Russell whose monumental work ‘Principia Mathematica’ has become a fundamental study of modern logic and mathematics.
By the end of the 20th century, new theories such as multivalued logic, fuzzy logic, and modal logic are applied to computer science and the study of artificial intelligence.
Classification of Logical Theories
Formal logic: (syllogistic/categorical logic), the study of inference and logical form, validity of an argument is determined by its logical form, not by its content or meaning, this theory does not work well if the terms in an argument are too complicated to categorise.
Informal logic: the casual study of natural language arguments and the fallacies
Symbolic logic: (propositional/sentential logic), modern approach of argument analysis by symbolising the
content and analyse its the logical form.
Predicate logic: the combination between categorical logic and symbolic logic, it includes quantifiers and modality in order to analyse a wider set of natural language argument.
Modal logic: (mathematical logic), the extension of predicate logic for advanced studies in linguistics, mathematics, and computer science.