However, the bidirectionality of Intimate Partner Violence , and sexual Intimate Partner Violence in particular if such findings emerge among pregnant and postpartum women, may suggest the need for a more nuanced conceptual model (one not limited to explaining male perpetration alone) to explain Intimate Partner Violence as most women experience it during this time period. Similar incidence rates of sexual Intimate Partner Violence victimization and perpetration among pregnant and postpartum women could imply that more comprehensive theoretical explanations of Intimate Partner Violence that take into account women’s victimization and perpetration are necessary.