Concern about the steady increase in global GHG emissions has been most directly addressed at the international level, through the efforts of the IPCC and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A specific set of GHG emission reduction goals, known now as the “Kyoto Protocol,” was established during the UNFCCC 3rd “Council of the Parties” (or “COP-3”) meeting of the United Nations on climate change in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. The protocol has now been ratified by 168 countries, but notably not by the U.S. or Australia, which together account for over 22 percent of global emissions1. If ratified, the agreement would have the U.S. reduce GHG emissions by seven percent, relative to 1990 levels, between 2008 and 2012, compared with an average for all nations of a five percent reduction below 1990 levels. The COP meetings have continued steadily since Kyoto to advance international progress in reducing GHG emissions, with the latest meeting being the COP-12 conference in Nairobi, Kenya in Fall 2006.