Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy
CAN is the most studied and clinically
important form of diabetic autonomic
neuropathy because of its association
with mortality independent of other
cardiovascular risk factors (58,68). In
early stages, CAN may be completely
asymptomatic and detected by changes
in heart rate variability with deep
breathing and abnormal cardiovascular
reflex tests (R-R interval response to
deep breathing, standing, and Valsalva
maneuver tests). Advanced disease may
be indicated by resting tachycardia
(.100 bpm) and orthostasis (a fall in
systolic blood pressure .20 mmHg or
diastolic blood pressure of at least 10
mmHg upon standing without an appropriate
heart rate response). The standard
cardiovascular reflex tests (deep
breathing, standing, and Valsalva
maneuver) are noninvasive, easy to
perform, reliable, and reproducible, especially
the deep breathing test, and
have prognostic value (69). Although
some societies have developed guidelines
for screening for CAN, the benefits
of sophisticated testing beyond risk
stratification are not clear (69).
Cardiovascular Autonomic NeuropathyCAN is the most studied and clinicallyimportant form of diabetic autonomicneuropathy because of its associationwith mortality independent of othercardiovascular risk factors (58,68). Inearly stages, CAN may be completelyasymptomatic and detected by changesin heart rate variability with deepbreathing and abnormal cardiovascularreflex tests (R-R interval response todeep breathing, standing, and Valsalvamaneuver tests). Advanced disease maybe indicated by resting tachycardia(.100 bpm) and orthostasis (a fall insystolic blood pressure .20 mmHg ordiastolic blood pressure of at least 10mmHg upon standing without an appropriateheart rate response). The standardcardiovascular reflex tests (deepbreathing, standing, and Valsalvamaneuver) are noninvasive, easy toperform, reliable, and reproducible, especiallythe deep breathing test, andhave prognostic value (69). Althoughsome societies have developed guidelinesfor screening for CAN, the benefitsof sophisticated testing beyond riskstratification are not clear (69).
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