THE NATURE OF APPROACHES AND METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING
An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning. An approach is axiomatic.
Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach.
A technique is implementational- that which actually takes place in a classroom.
Approach
Theory of language
The first, and the most traditional of the three, is the structural view, the view that language is a system of structurally related elements for the coding meaning. The target of language learning is seen to be mastery of elements of this system.
The second view of language is the functional view, the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The communicative movement in language teaching subscribes to this view of language. This theory emphasizes the semantic and communicative dimension rather than merely the grammatical characteristics of language.
The third view of language can be called the interactional view. It sees language as a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relations and for the performance of social transactions between individuals. Language is seen as a tool for the creation and maintenance of social relations.
Theory of language learning
Process-oriented theories build on learning process, such as habit formation induction, inferencing, hypothesis testing, and generalization. Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place.
Monitor theory addresses both the process and the condition dimensions of learning.
Tracy D. Terrell’s Natural Approach is an example of a method derived primarily from a learning theory rather than from a particular view of language. Although the Natural Approach is based on a learning theory that specifies both processes and conditions, the learning theory underlying such methods as Counseling-Learning and the Silent Way addresses primarily the conditions held to be necessary for learning to take place without specifying what the learning processes themselves are presumed to be.
James Asher’s Total Physical Response is likewise a method that derives primarily from learning theory rather than from a theory of the nature of language. Asher’s learning theory addresses both the process and the learning condition aspects of learning. It is based on the belief that child language with action, and that this should form the basis of adult foreign language teaching.
Design
Objectives
They determine what a method sets out to achieve.
Process-oriented objective may be offered in contrast to the linguistically oriented or product-oriented objectives of more traditional methods. The degree to which a method has process-oriented or product-oriented objectives may be revealed in how much emphasis is placed on vocabulary acquisition and grammatical proficiency and in how grammatical or pronunciation errors are treated in the method.
Content choice and organization: The syllabus
The term syllabus has been used to refer to the form in which linguistic content is specified in a course or method.
Brown lists seven basic syllabus types-Structural, Situational, Topical, Functional, Notional, Skills-based, and Task-based, and these can usually be linked to specific approaches or methods: Oral/Situational (Situational); Audiolingual (Structural), Communicative Language Teaching ( National/Functional), Task-based Teaching ( Task-based).
Types of learning and teaching activities
The activity types that a method advocates- the third component in the level of design in method analysis- often serve to distinguish methods. Audiolingualism, for example, uses dialogue and pattern practice extensively. The Silent Way employs problem-solving activities that involve the use of special charts and colored rods. Communicative language teaching theoreticians have advocated the use of tasks that involve an “information gap” and “information transfer”; that is, learners work on the same task, but each learner has different information needed to complete the task.
Learner roles
Learners plan their own learning program and thus ultimately assume responsibility for what they do in the classroom.
Learners monitor and evaluate their own progress.
Learners are members of a group and learn by interacting with others.
Learners tutor other learners.
Learners learn from the teacher, from other students, and from other teaching sources.
Teacher roles
The types of functions teachers are expected to fulfill.
The degree of control the teacher has over how learning takes place.
The degree to which the teacher is responsible for determining the content of what is taught.
The interactional patterns that develop between teachers and learners.
The role of instructional materials
The role of instructional materials within a method or instructional system will reflect decisions concerning the primary goal of materials, the form of materials, the relation of materials to other sources of input, and the abilities of teachers.
The role of instructional/communicative methodology might be specified in the following terms:
Materials will focus on the communicative abilities of interpretation, expression, and negotiation.
Materials will focus on understandable, relevant, and interesting exchanges of information rather than on presentation of grammatical form.
Materials will involve different kinds of texts and different media, which the learners can use to develop their competence.
Procedure
The last level of conceptualization within a method is what we will refer to as procedure.
Procedure focuses on the way a method handles the presentation, practice, and feedback phrases of teaching. Here, for example, is a description of the procedural aspects of beginning Silent Way course based on Stevick:
The teacher points at meaningless symbols on a wall chart. The symbols represent the syllabus of the spoken language. The students read the sounds aloud, first in chorus and then individually.
After the students can pronounce the sounds, the teacher moves to a second set of charts containing words frequently used in the language, including numbers. The teacher leads the students to pronounce long numbers.
The teacher uses colored rods together with charts and gesturers to lead the students into producing the words and basic grammatical structures needed.
THE NATURE OF APPROACHES AND METHODS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING An approach is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning. An approach is axiomatic. Method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradicts, and all of which is based upon, the selected approach. A technique is implementational- that which actually takes place in a classroom.ApproachTheory of language The first, and the most traditional of the three, is the structural view, the view that language is a system of structurally related elements for the coding meaning. The target of language learning is seen to be mastery of elements of this system. The second view of language is the functional view, the view that language is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning. The communicative movement in language teaching subscribes to this view of language. This theory emphasizes the semantic and communicative dimension rather than merely the grammatical characteristics of language. The third view of language can be called the interactional view. It sees language as a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relations and for the performance of social transactions between individuals. Language is seen as a tool for the creation and maintenance of social relations.Theory of language learning Process-oriented theories build on learning process, such as habit formation induction, inferencing, hypothesis testing, and generalization. Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place. Monitor theory addresses both the process and the condition dimensions of learning. Tracy D. Terrell’s Natural Approach is an example of a method derived primarily from a learning theory rather than from a particular view of language. Although the Natural Approach is based on a learning theory that specifies both processes and conditions, the learning theory underlying such methods as Counseling-Learning and the Silent Way addresses primarily the conditions held to be necessary for learning to take place without specifying what the learning processes themselves are presumed to be. James Asher’s Total Physical Response is likewise a method that derives primarily from learning theory rather than from a theory of the nature of language. Asher’s learning theory addresses both the process and the learning condition aspects of learning. It is based on the belief that child language with action, and that this should form the basis of adult foreign language teaching.DesignObjectives They determine what a method sets out to achieve. Process-oriented objective may be offered in contrast to the linguistically oriented or product-oriented objectives of more traditional methods. The degree to which a method has process-oriented or product-oriented objectives may be revealed in how much emphasis is placed on vocabulary acquisition and grammatical proficiency and in how grammatical or pronunciation errors are treated in the method.Content choice and organization: The syllabus The term syllabus has been used to refer to the form in which linguistic content is specified in a course or method. Brown lists seven basic syllabus types-Structural, Situational, Topical, Functional, Notional, Skills-based, and Task-based, and these can usually be linked to specific approaches or methods: Oral/Situational (Situational); Audiolingual (Structural), Communicative Language Teaching ( National/Functional), Task-based Teaching ( Task-based).Types of learning and teaching activities The activity types that a method advocates- the third component in the level of design in method analysis- often serve to distinguish methods. Audiolingualism, for example, uses dialogue and pattern practice extensively. The Silent Way employs problem-solving activities that involve the use of special charts and colored rods. Communicative language teaching theoreticians have advocated the use of tasks that involve an “information gap” and “information transfer”; that is, learners work on the same task, but each learner has different information needed to complete the task.Learner rolesLearners plan their own learning program and thus ultimately assume responsibility for what they do in the classroom.Learners monitor and evaluate their own progress.Learners are members of a group and learn by interacting with others.Learners tutor other learners.Learners learn from the teacher, from other students, and from other teaching sources.Teacher rolesThe types of functions teachers are expected to fulfill.The degree of control the teacher has over how learning takes place.The degree to which the teacher is responsible for determining the content of what is taught.The interactional patterns that develop between teachers and learners.The role of instructional materials The role of instructional materials within a method or instructional system will reflect decisions concerning the primary goal of materials, the form of materials, the relation of materials to other sources of input, and the abilities of teachers. The role of instructional/communicative methodology might be specified in the following terms:Materials will focus on the communicative abilities of interpretation, expression, and negotiation.Materials will focus on understandable, relevant, and interesting exchanges of information rather than on presentation of grammatical form.Materials will involve different kinds of texts and different media, which the learners can use to develop their competence.Procedure
The last level of conceptualization within a method is what we will refer to as procedure.
Procedure focuses on the way a method handles the presentation, practice, and feedback phrases of teaching. Here, for example, is a description of the procedural aspects of beginning Silent Way course based on Stevick:
The teacher points at meaningless symbols on a wall chart. The symbols represent the syllabus of the spoken language. The students read the sounds aloud, first in chorus and then individually.
After the students can pronounce the sounds, the teacher moves to a second set of charts containing words frequently used in the language, including numbers. The teacher leads the students to pronounce long numbers.
The teacher uses colored rods together with charts and gesturers to lead the students into producing the words and basic grammatical structures needed.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
