In a recent historical review and bibliometric analysis, Chao et al. (2007, pp. 5) found that RFID technological innovation had passed through three eras focusing on (1) ‘‘tag innovation’’ such as better data communication, (2) applying ‘‘tag to automation, integration services and ubiquitous computing’’ at which point applications such as smart cards became pervasive, and more recently, (3) ‘‘manufacturing automation, logistical control, and ecommerce applications.’’