Experimental research participants were classified as: (a) ‘‘non- management’’ (those supervised or managed and not themselves in any position of formal authority), (b) ‘‘management’’ (those in any position of recognized authority over other individuals), (c) ‘‘execu- tive’’ (those identified as top level management), (d) ‘‘college student’’ (participants identified in the article as students, college stu- dents, university students, or students enrolled in a specific course), or (e) ‘‘other’’ (those not fitting any of the other operational definitions in this category).