sedentary behaviours and sugar-sweetened beverage consump-tion) [10–13]. As dietary intakes have an impact on everycomponent of the MetS, they are therefore considered the pri-mary preventative interventions for the syndrome [14].Coffee is now a popular beverage all over the world, with aconsumption of 500 billion cups every year [15–17]. The con-stituents found in coffee, such as vitamin E, niacin, potassium,magnesium and caffeine, have many potential health benefits,including reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),an important component of MetS [18–20]. Caffeine might pro-tect against T2DM incidence through increasing metabolic rateand thermogenesis, stimulating fat oxidation and free fatty acid(FFA) release from peripheral tissues, and mobilizing glycogenin muscles [21]. Therefore, epidemiological studies have inves-tigated the association between coffee consumption and the riskof MetS, although the results have been inconsistent. Some stud-ies [22–26] have found that coffee consumption was inverselyassociated with the MetS, while other studies [27,28] showedthat coffee consumption was not associated with either the MetS