Mobile-Cloud Computing Device to Cloud (D2C): In this class of architecture, users’ mobile applications run in the cloud,
where mobile devices are becoming part of a larger cloud environment. Li et al. propose a Mobile Cloud Framework
middleware for deploying mobile computation into the cloud [15].
This model delivers a higher rate of efficiency in order to use mobile resources, where computation takes place inside
in the cloud, through the local users’ mobile devices. The CloneCloud architecture is designed to execute mobile applications over the cloud services by optimising execution time and energy of mobile devices [6]. But these D2C architectures do not work well in the absence of wireless wide area networks (WWAN).