Kvaal and Nobes (2012) find that the national patterns of IFRS identified in Kvaal and Nobes (2010) persist even three years after the mandatory adoption of IFRS, but with some move away from previous national practices by the French and Spanish companies in the sample. Haller and Wehrfritz (2013) identify some ‘movement in the direction of homogeneous application of IFRS’ between 2005 and 2009 for their sample of German and UK firms. And Vergauwe and Gaeremynck (2013) identify increases in the comparability of disclosures between 2005 and 2010 among their sample of real estate firms.