The task of successful organizational change and development thus often hinges on
bringing variables into closer alignment so that the organization can meet the challenges and
opportunities posed by the environment. In nature we find that organisms are endowed with a
harmonious pattern of internal and external relations as a result of evolution. In organizations,
however, the degree of internal harmony and fit with the environment is a
product of human decision, action, and inaction so that incongruence and conflict are often
the rule. As a result, there are usually many problems to keep managers and organizational
consultants favoring a contingency approach very busy.