Force-field analysis This is a framework for problem
solving and planned change, developed by Lewin
(1951). It illustrates that restraining forces cannot
be removed and they can be countered only by
increasing driving forces. One simple example can
be used to illustrate this. A staff nurse does not
believe that a new infusion pump is better than a
previous model. The change agent cannot remove
this restraining force but can bolster the driving
Figure 2 Example of a force-field analysis
Once driving and restraining forces have been identified, change agents can
determine their relative strengths and rank these by numbers or, as illustrated,
by the thickness of arrows.
(Chambers et al 2006)
Boost job satisfaction
Closer working with local pharmacists
Reduce workload in medium term
Opportunities for professional
development
Increase patient autonomy
More appropriate workload
Time spent inducting new staff
Additional time costs in
normal consultations
Trouble insisting on staff conforming
Resistance from patients
Positive factors/driving forces Negative factors/restraining forces
36 April 2013 | Volume 20 | Number 1 NURSING MANAGEMENT
Art & science | management theory
force by explaining why the new pump is more
effective and by organising training in how to use it.
Figure 2 provides an example of a force‑field analysis