Extraction
Chromite, FeCr2O4, is the most commercially useful ore, and is extensively used for extraction of chromium. Chromium is produced in two forms: (Chemistry of the Elements, Greeenwood and Earnshaw, Chapter 23).
(a) Ferrochrome by the reduction of chromite with coke in an electric arc furnace. A low-carbon ferrochrome can be produced by using ferrosilicon instead of coke as the reductant. This iron/chromium alloy is used directly as an additive to produce chromium-steels which are "stainless" and hard.
(b) Chromium metal by the reduction of Cr2O3. This is obtained by aerial oxidation of chromite in molten alkali to give sodium chromate, Na2CrO4, which is leached out with water, precipitated and then reduced to the Cr(III) oxide by carbon. The oxide can be reduced by aluminium (aluminothermic process) or silicon:
Cr2O3 + 2Al → 2Cr + Al2O3
2Cr2O3 + 3Si → 4Cr + 3SiO2
The main use of the chromium metal so produced is in the production of nonferrous alloys, the use of pure chromium being limited because of its low ductility at ordinary temperatures. Alternatively, the Cr2O3 can be dissolved in sulphuric acid to give the electrolyte used to produce the ubiquitous chromium-plating which is at once both protective and decorative. The sodium chromate produced in the isolation of chromium is itself the basis for the manufacture of all industrially important chromium chemicals. World production of chromite ores approached 12 million tonnes in 1995.
Extraction Chromite, FeCr2O4, is the most commercially useful ore, and is extensively used for extraction of chromium. Chromium is produced in two forms: (Chemistry of the Elements, Greeenwood and Earnshaw, Chapter 23). (a) Ferrochrome by the reduction of chromite with coke in an electric arc furnace. A low-carbon ferrochrome can be produced by using ferrosilicon instead of coke as the reductant. This iron/chromium alloy is used directly as an additive to produce chromium-steels which are "stainless" and hard. (b) Chromium metal by the reduction of Cr2O3. This is obtained by aerial oxidation of chromite in molten alkali to give sodium chromate, Na2CrO4, which is leached out with water, precipitated and then reduced to the Cr(III) oxide by carbon. The oxide can be reduced by aluminium (aluminothermic process) or silicon: Cr2O3 + 2Al → 2Cr + Al2O3 2Cr2O3 + 3Si → 4Cr + 3SiO2 The main use of the chromium metal so produced is in the production of nonferrous alloys, the use of pure chromium being limited because of its low ductility at ordinary temperatures. Alternatively, the Cr2O3 can be dissolved in sulphuric acid to give the electrolyte used to produce the ubiquitous chromium-plating which is at once both protective and decorative. The sodium chromate produced in the isolation of chromium is itself the basis for the manufacture of all industrially important chromium chemicals. World production of chromite ores approached 12 million tonnes in 1995.
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