The Measurement Movement Begins. Buswell and Judd (1925) noted that although Rice's interpretations of his data and his conclusions were rejected by many educators, his objective methods of measurement attracted much attention. They contended that “it was not until 1908, however, when Stone publish his results, that the measurement movement in arithmetic can be said to have really gained sanction" (p. 5). Clift W. Stone, as his docuoral dissertation as Teachers College Columbia University, under the guidance of a committee that in cluded E. L Thorndike and D. E. Smith, surveyed the arithmetical achievement of some 3,000 sixth graders from 26 school systems, administering the tests himself. Some was critical of Rice's rather cavalier dismissal of the course of study as an influence on differences in performance across schools. (Rice had claimed, for example, that the effects of students no having learned to perform an operation necessary to solve some school to have an effect on of the problems turned out to have an effect on the school average of no more than 2%, but he did not spell out how he arrived at that figure.) Stone also wanted to measure achievement both in reasoning (word problems similar to those used r by Rice) and fundamentals (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers), he wanted to standardize the administration and scoring of the tests, and express relationships between achievement and various factors in terms of correlation coefficients